What Causes Sciatica?

What is Sciatica?

If you’ve ever experienced a sharp, shooting pain radiating from your lower back down one leg, there’s a good chance you’re familiar with sciatica. This condition can range from mildly uncomfortable to debilitating, interfering with daily life and activities. But what causes sciatica, and why does it affect some people more than others? Understanding the main contributors to this type of pain can help you take the proper steps to manage it.

In this guide, we’ll break down sciatica causes, discuss common causes, and explain when to consider seeing an orthopedic specialist. By building a clear understanding of this condition, you can take the steps you need to find sciatic pain relief.

What are Causes of Sciatica?

Sciatica refers to pain that affects the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the human body. The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back, through the hips and buttocks, and down each leg. When this nerve is compressed, irritated, or inflamed, it can cause a range of symptoms associated with sciatica, including:

  • Sharp, shooting pain that radiates down one leg
  • Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
  • Weakness in the affected leg or foot
  • Burning sensations or “electric shock” feelings

Knowing what causes sciatica can help you better understand potential treatment options and when to seek professional care.

8 Common Causes of Sciatica

Sciatica doesn’t happen without a reason. In most cases, it results from pressure, irritation, or injury to the sciatic nerve caused by an underlying condition. Learning what causes sciatica can help you pinpoint the source of your pain and guide you toward effective treatment. Below, we break down some of the most common contributors, from herniated discs to muscle imbalances.

1. Herniated or Bulging Discs

A herniated or bulging disc is one of the most frequently diagnosed causes of sciatica. The spinal discs help to cushion the vertebrae in the spine. If a disc ruptures or extends beyond its normal position, it can press against the sciatic nerve, leading to pain, numbness, or weakness. This condition can be related to causes including age-related wear and tear, improper lifting, or sudden injury.

2. Spinal Stenosis

Spinal stenosis occurs when the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the nerves, including the sciatic nerve. This narrowing can be caused by aging, bone spurs, or degenerative changes in the spine. The pain from spinal stenosis is often described as cramping, numbness, or weakness in the legs, especially when standing or walking for extended periods.

3. Degenerative Disc Disease

To understand what causes sciatica, it’s essential to look at what degenerative disc disease is. Over time, the spinal discs naturally dry out and lose flexibility, leading to tears, cracks, and thinning. Degenerative disc disease, or intervertebral disc disease, can cause the vertebrae to shift closer together, leading to nerve compression. If the sciatic nerve is affected, sciatica symptoms often result. While this condition is more common in older adults, it can occur at any age.

4. Piriformis Syndrome

The piriformis muscle is a small, pear-shaped muscle in the buttocks. If this muscle becomes tight, inflamed, or spasms, it can compress the sciatic nerve, resulting in sciatica-like symptoms known as piriformis syndrome. This condition is often seen in people who sit for long periods, such as office workers or long-distance drivers, and athletes who engage in repetitive lower-body movements.

5. Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolisthesis occurs when one vertebra slips forward over the one below it, often due to a stress fracture or age-related degeneration. When this slippage narrows the space where nerves exit the spine, it can put pressure on the sciatic nerve. This can cause pain, tingling, and leg weakness associated with sciatica. Spondylolisthesis is more common in older adults but can also affect younger people participating in high-impact sports.

6. Muscle Imbalances or Weak Core Muscles

Weak core muscles or imbalances in the lower back, hips, or glutes can place additional strain on the spine. This added strain increases the risk of disc herniation or nerve compression. When the sciatic nerve is affected, it can cause sciatica symptoms. Strengthening the core and maintaining proper posture can help prevent this type of nerve irritation.

7. Traumatic Injury

A sudden injury from a car accident, fall, or sports-related incident can damage the spine or the sciatic nerve. Fractures, dislocations, or spinal misalignments can result in nerve compression or irritation, leading to sciatica symptoms. Traumatic injuries often require immediate medical attention to avoid long-term damage.

8. Tumors or Growths on the Spine

Although rare, tumors or abnormal growths on the spine or near the sciatic nerve can compress the nerve, leading to pain, tingling, and weakness. These growths may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Treatment typically involves surgery or other medical intervention to remove the pressure on the nerve.

When Should You See an Orthopedic Specialist for Sciatica?

While mild cases of sciatica can resolve independently with rest, stretching, and over-the-counter pain relief, there are sure signs you shouldn’t ignore. If you experience any of the following symptoms, it may be time to see an orthopedic specialist to help you better understand what causes sciatica and how to find effective treatment:

  • Severe, persistent pain that does not improve after a few weeks of self-care.
  • Loss of bowel or bladder control, which could signal a medical emergency known as cauda equina syndrome.
  • Leg weakness or foot drop, where you have difficulty lifting the front part of your foot.
  • Numbness or tingling that worsens over time rather than improving.

An orthopedic specialist can perform imaging tests, such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan, to identify what is causing sciatica symptoms. Based on the results, treatments, including physical therapy or anti-inflammatory injections, may be recommended. For cases that don’t respond to conservative therapies, spine surgery can become a potential option.

Tips for Preventing Sciatica and Finding Lasting Relief

While some causes of sciatica are unavoidable, especially age-related degeneration, you can reduce your risk of developing this condition by adopting changes for a spine-healthy lifestyle. Here are strategies doctors may recommend:

  • Practicing good posture when sitting, standing, and lifting heavy objects.
  • Strengthening your core to support the lower back and reduce strain on the spine.
  • Stretching regularly, especially if you sit for long periods.
  • Maintaining a healthy weight to avoid unnecessary pressure on the spine.
  • Avoiding prolonged sitting by taking standing or walking breaks throughout the day.

By being proactive with posture, core strength, and regular stretching, you can reduce your risk of sciatica and improve your overall spinal health. If you’re unsure about your symptoms or need guidance on treatment, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. Early intervention can prevent long-term complications and get you back to a healthy and active lifestyle.

Contact The Orthopedic Clinic for Sciatica Relief and Treatment

Sciatica can be a painful and frustrating condition, but understanding what causes sciatica can be the first step toward finding relief. While some cases of sciatica resolve with at-home remedies, persistent pain or neurological symptoms warrant a visit to an orthopedic specialist. If you’d like to learn more about what causes sciatica, one of our expert physicians specializing in spine conditions can help you learn about your options.

The Orthopedic Clinic team is dedicated to providing compassionate, patient-centered care — not just treating the condition. Our expert team works to take your lifestyle and health goals into account before recommending any treatment plan. If you are dealing with sciatica pain that is taking you away from an active lifestyle, The Orthopedic Clinic is here to help you explore your options for relief. Contact us today to learn more.

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